From time to time I invite guestbloggers to write about their expert knowledge. Today I have the pleasure to introduce you to Harry Verwayen from Europeana.eu, which aims to make European heritage openly available.

Harry has tirelessly advanced business model thinking in the (digital) cultural heritage sector. On this blog he is presenting the results of a new report. Harry, the floor is yours:

When large, forward thinking companies such Google are prepared to face huge lawsuits over the digitization of old books, that is a sure-tell sign that you find yourself in a sweet spot for business model innovation.

Not surprisingly, libraries and museums are pondering over ways to capture some of that value that comes with reaching a whole new audience. Over the past decade, museums, archives and other cultural heritage institutions have started digitizing important cultural heritage collections on an unprecedented scale. Literally millions of artifacts such as books, film, audio and even clay tablets have been digitized in order to bridge the divide between our analogue pasts and the digital futures.  Based on this material these institutions-  that were originally designed to safeguard our heritage-  have started experimenting with new digital services, aiming to bring this material closer to a group of people that would otherwise never visit these temples of wisdom.

However, there is an increasing recognition that these digital services are not yet perfectly suited to the needs of today’s users, who expect to be able to request, retrieve and adapt cultural heritage content- any content for that matter-  through popular interactive sites like YouTube, Flickr, Facebook and Wikipedia. This is a step that requires true business model innovation. A research team from thinktank Knowledgeland and the DEN Foundation in the Netherlands used the canvas to create a common language as the start of our investigations.

Old model

We found that the old, analogue model looked something like this: the value proposition was primarily based on ‘managing’ and safeguarding heritage for the (distant) future. In this model the clients are the government and professionals such as historians that are catered to through a building and professional curators. Cost and revenue streams are transparent and stable, practically all key activities could be carried out as part of the core business of the institutions, no partners needed.

New Model

With digitization the model changes, radically. The institutions still need to perform their management tasks, but completely new value propositions are suddenly within reach: The core mission of most of these institutions is to make  our heritage available as broadly as possible. With the variable costs of distribution falling close to zero this means that in theory all this material could be made accessible through a licensing system such as Creative Commons to the general public. Granted, there may not be a huge uptake on some of this ephemeral material, but if you still believe in the Long Tail you could imagine that at least some of this material will find a new audience.

Both the institutions themselves and policymakers consider the broad accessibility of cultural heritage materials to be an important contribution to our common social capital. But, when innovating the model, various barriers are encountered: while more than 26% of our heritage in Europe is currently digitized only a very small percentage (less than 1% by my estimates) is available where the value creation would be greatest, in the networked environment. After several rounds of iteration we came to the conclusion that there are four main problem areas that we needed to delve deeper into: Organization, ICT infrastructure, Copyright and Revenue Models.

We quickly found out that the traditional instrumentarium (bring together expert groups, read and write thick reports) alone would not do the trick. The subjects were simply too large and too complex. We then asked the people from JAM visual thinking to help us out. Tother with them we shaped our expert meetings into creative sessions supported by strong visuals that were constantly adapted to our latest thinking.

Revenue Models

We figured out that from a legal perspective there are four distinctive ways to make heritage available, represented by the four rings in the picture. In the inner rings the material is presented within the walls of the institutions. In the two outer rings the material is presented in the online environment. The further you get out, the more the material is shared in the networked environment with explicit re-use rights. We argue that the value for the users becomes greater when the material is cut loose from institutional boundaries and have tried to categorize ways to generate revenues in all four rings.

Although we are still far from reaching our goal of creating the ubiquitous, open, virtual library that is necessary to support the knowledge economy, we feel that we have at least been able to map out the issues and some paths towards solutions. This has resulted in a publication that I would like to bring to your attention, which can be downloaded here. Your comments are more than welcome, and I appreciate you spreading this in your network!

Special thanks to Alex and the team for continuously supporting this initiative and inspiring us to continue approaching these issues as designers.

Best,
Harry Verwayen <hverwayen@ziggo.nl>

Energy will be, no doubt, one of the dominating issues of the decade and beyond. That’s why I was really excited to discover how Jigar Shah, a 34 year old entrepreneur, disrupted the field of solar energy – he achieved that not through technology innovation, as one might expect, but based on an innovative business model.

Last week, my sister Nathalie, a senior environmental lawyer at the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), pointed me to an article in the OnEarth magazine about an organization that has changed the face of the solar energy sector. She had just come from a dinner meeting with Jigar Shah, the founder of SunEdison, which has developed into the largest provider of solar power in the United States.

I sketched out SunEdison’s business model, which will definitely figure in our new project BusinessModelsBeyondProfit.com. Check out the slides:

The closing paragraph in the OnEarth article was particularly interesting. He stresses that the driver is NOT technology – it’s the business model. Jigar Shah says:

“The big area for me has always been to come up with business solutions to address global warming,” Shah says. “The thing that people have had a hard time understanding about solar is that it’s part of the energy business. While new energy technologies come up all the time, technology is not the driver of the energy industry. The driver is the business model: how you get it financed and how you apply traditional risk-management methods to solar and wind and biomass. That to me is the key to solving global warming.”

If you are interested in the state of the solar energy industry (in the US) you should watch Jigar Shah in the keynote below. It’s the first part of a total of 6 videos, which you can find on youtube:

As business people we have a powerful tool in our hands: the knowledge of how to build, run, and manage businesses. Let us be ambitious and put that knowledge to work for things that really matter.

But please don’t get me wrong. I’m not talking about so-called “social corporate responsibility”. Nor am I talking about “pro bono work” for social projects, or about “giving back”, a phrase that so many successful business people like to use. No, what I am talking about is the ambition to build sustainable business models that have a social, environmental and/or development impact written in to their DNA. In other words, business models that make a difference by their “mere” success.

Business Models that Matter

Take Grameen Bank, to use a very popular and widely discussed business model with an impact. The Bangladeshi institution makes micro-loans, mainly to women in Bangladesh. This allows the women to build micro-businesses and earn sustainable incomes for them and their families. The success of Grameen Bank’s business model has a substantial impact on poverty alleviation and the social status of these women entrepreneurs.

A completely different example is Max Havelaar, an originally Dutch and now pan-European fair trade label. The organization behind the concept has been self-financing its business model since 2001 through licensing fees. Products bearing its label (e.g. coffee, bananas, flowers) are sold through supermarkets at a competitive price. The label provides consumers with the assurance that a fair price was paid to the producing farmers in the South. To make that possible a minimum of intermediaries are used to bring those products to markets in the North.

Another inspiring example is Acumen Fund, founded by Jacqueline Novogratz, the author of The Blue Sweater. The fund invests in business models that generate financial and social returns. It particularly looks at business models that can be effective in reaching the “base of the pyramid” (BoP)—or the billions of poor without access to clean water, reliable health services, or formal housing options.

Real Ambition

Business models of this type is what we should really aspire to build as business people. Trying to tackle business issues of this level of difficulty and relevance, is what I call real ambition. “Difficulty”, because it’s not “just” about weaving profits into the business model’s DNA, but also impact. “Relevance”, because I sincerely believe that innovative business models can make a substantial contribution to helping solve some of the pressing global issues of our times (poverty, sustainability, inequality, healthcare…).

Building business models that merely pursue profits almost pale as a hedonistic or pecuniary quest aside the grand challenge of building business models that matter. Let us at least allocate some of our time and intellectual capacity to this quest of designing and implementing relevant business models. I am convinced that powerful innovative business models are one of the major tools (besides regulation, etc.) that can bring systems level change and transformation. Let us take up the challenge

Peepoople – a case study to challenge your creativity

To seduce business people to think about business models that matter, I get them to work on a different type of business model in my workshops. I get them to brainstorm on innovative business models for Peepoople, a Swedish organization that has developed a self-sanitizing toilet bag that is biodegradable and turns into fertilizer after usage. With the right business model this organization could potentially bring toilets to over 2 billion people who lack proper sanitation infrastructure.

Check out the video interview with Peepoople’s CEO Karin Ruiz and propose some innovative business models that could help her organization to scale and succeed. I use the video to introduce the case study challenge.

(never mind the video quality – we did this interview over Christmas with Skype when Karin was on vacation in Uruguay / also, please note that I didn’t really know how to make a natural-sounding voice-over…)





Last but not least: check out our new project on business models that matter: BusinessModelsBeyondProfit